Explain how the actor viola should show her reactions and give reasons for your suggestions

Viola is one of the main characters in Shakespeare's play the ‘Twelfth Night'. She is dressed as Cesario a man, so you can see how hard it must be for her to show her emotions and reactions. In the play she falls in love with the Duke Orsino but finds it very hard to show her feelings for him because she is dressed as a man. I am using act 2 scene 4 and act 3 scene 1, where she is talking to the Duke in act 2 scene 4, and to the clown Feste in act 3 scene 1. These are very emotional scenes where Viola shows and mentions her feelings, thoughts, reactions and movement. In these scenes Viola has many feelings. She feels mostly for Orsino because she is in love him. At the end of the scene where she is speaking with Orsino she talks about her fathers daughter that loved a man. Orsino gets interested because he is in love with Olivia but Olivia does not love him. Orsino wants to know what happened to the daughter because he is in despair. Viola feels for him and can offer him no comfort. Her words display how helpless she feels. â€Å"I am the daughters of my father's house, and all the brothers too-and yet I know not†. Earlier on in the scene Viola feels jealous about Orsino because she feels that he might fall in love with another woman and that he will love that woman as much as he loves Olivia then Viola would never get a chance with him. â€Å"Say that some lady, as perhaps there is, hath for your love as great a pang of heart as you have for Olivia†. Viola's thoughts are like her feelings but not mentioned. She finds it very difficult because she is dressed as man and does not want to give her identity away. When she is talking with Feste the clown, he is acting silly and plays around with words. She says that she is sick for a beard but she turns aside and gives a hint that she is a woman. She says that she would not have it grow on her chin, because she is a lady. â€Å"I am almost sick for one; (aside) though I would not have it grow on my chin. Is thy lady within?† When she is talking with the clown she thinks that he cares for nothing because he plays around with words and she is quite angry with him. Viola is saying her thoughts out to the clown because she does not like him. â€Å"I warrant thou art a merry fellow and carest for nothing†. Viola reacts to some things that the Duke says. She loves the Duke so she reacts to him in a kind way as not to make him angry or hurt his feelings. In act 2 scene 4 Viola says to the Duke that Olivia cannot love him but the Duke acts stubborn and says that he cannot be so answered. Viola reacts and tells him to calm down but she means not to be hurtful because she loves him. She tries to relax him and tells him to calm down. â€Å"Sooth, but you must†. There is very little of Viola's movement. I would say that Viola moved around with Feste the clown because the clown was getting on her nerves. It was in act 3 scene 1 where near the end of the conversation with Feste Viola gives Feste a coin. She moves a round a lot to get away from him because he is pestering her and she wants to get away. She gives the coin to Feste so he can go away. â€Å"I'll no more with thee. Hold, there's expenses for thee†. I think that Shakespeare's language is very difficult to understand. There are mixed emotions in the play because Viola is dressed as a man but some of it was quite obvious to understand. Overall I thought the way Shakespeare set this play out was very well and I thought the scenes were well organised.

Indian Civilization

INDIAN CIVILIZATION Also called Indus Valley Civilization; the earliest in South Asia Contemporary with Bronze Age civilizations in pre-dynastic Egypt, Mesopotamia Compared to the other Bronze Age civilizations, Indus Valley Civilization was unspectacular Early civilizations of the Indian sub-continent were centred on two major river valleys: The Indus River and its tributaries, especially the Saraswati River Valley (2600-1500BCE) – associated with Dravidians. Called Harappan Culture The Ganges River Valley (1500-500BCE) – associated with the Aryans. Called the Vedic Age. Along the Indus & Saraswati, there were two major centres of this civilization: Mohenjodaro and Harappa hence Harappan Culture Other cities of this civilization include Kalibagan, Chanhudaro & Doraji in Gujerat Origins and Development This civilization appears as fully developed & distinctive culture; little is known about the cultures that came before it or the factors that led to its development Recent research indicates that antecedents of this civilization can be found at Mehrgarh on the western edge of the Indus plains Evidence that domestication of plants & animals, pottery production and village life began here Around 3200 – 2600 BCE, several pre-urban cultures existed in Indus Plains and the western hill valleys that show aspects of the Harappan culture HARAPPAN CULTURE: CHARACTERISTICS Built on irrigation-based agriculture. Irrigation based on dikes and drains. Barley and wheat the most important crops; grains stored in granaries in Harappa and Mohenjodaro (as a form of tax? ) Domesticated animals cattle, water buffalo, goats, pigs, donkeys Trade was very important; extensive trade connections with areas around the Arabian Sea & up the Persian Gulf to Mesoptamia Fortified cities; well-planned with straight streets intersecting at right angles; a system of underground drains and sewers Buildings made of baked bricks. At Mohenjodaro, multi-roomed houses have been recorded Thickness of walls and remains of staircases point to the existence of upper floors Skilled artisans including bead makers, metal workers, cotton weavers and potters Potters made painted pots decorated with nimal figures, water jars, cooking & drinking vessels & storage vessels Metal workers produced copper and bronze vessels, silver and gold ornaments Other artisans produced the square and rectangular seals from steatite & other soft rocks Seals had an animal carved in negative relief and a line of script that could be read when the seal was stamped on wet tablet Seals were used to authenticate messages. The script on the seals revealed the name, lineage, social identity or the public office held by seal-owner Seals could also have been worn as talismans or amulets They are the only examples of writing from this period 400 pictographs/characters have been identified so far, but the script is not fully deciphered RELIGION Little is known about the early religions of the Indus River Valley in these early times However, many elements of India’s religious heritage today are evident from some seals from Harappa and Mohenjodaro. A seal from Mohenjodaro has a human-like figure with three heads wearing a headdress and sitting in the Yoga position. He is surrounded by animals: elephants, rhinos, water buffalo, deer etc. Thought to be a Prototype of the popular Hindu god, Shiva (the Lord of Beasts) Seal impressions and clay figurines from Harappa depict a female deity with conspicous sexual organs = thought to represent the goddess of fertility FALL & DECLINE Harappan Culture declined and fell around 1500 BCE; Harappa, Mohenjodaro and other cities were abandoned and their populations dispersed into smaller settlements There was a reversal of achievements: writing was forgotten and much of northern India returned to village life REASONS FOR DECLINE/FALL 1. Possible flooding along the Indus, affecting the densely populated areas and cities 2. Shifts in patterns of long distance trade with Mesopotamia and other regions 3. Changes in subsistence farming; rice cultivation was introduced along the Ganges Basin and had taken root by 1500BCE; millet was introduced in Gujerat. So new environments were opened for farming where conditions were unsuitable for wheat and barley 4. Major geological disturbances near the source of Saraswati river, causing it to dry up, catastrophically disrupting agriculture downstream. 5. Invasion by the Aryans (Arya = noble) who came from the northern steppes of Europe REASONS FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE ARYANS A highly developed spoken language that tended to displace other tongues that it encountered Better military organization: horse-drawn war chariots and weapons made from iron which was superior to bronze GANGES RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS Aryans became sedentary landowners along the Ganges; others became traders on the river Crafts became more specialized & increased in complexity; produced iron ploughs, luxury items for trade Urban centres re-emerged with substantial populations of artisans, traders, resident landowners, priests, warriors Major metropolises along the Ganges include Patna, Benares (which is still a holy city for Hindus even today) SOCIAL ORGANIZATION Early Indian societies were matriarchal (i. e. headed by women) and matrilineal (inheritance was through the female side of the family). This changed with the coming of the Aryans who were patriarchal Before the Aryans, husbands lived with the wife’s family; the wife’s family paid dowry. After Aryans, wife’s were required to move to the husband’s family, bring substantial dowries and accept husband’s authority The caste system was introduced at this time. Basis for caste division was social and economic rather than racial Originally there were four castes: 1. Sudras = cultivators of land, manual labourers, domestic servants 2. Vaisyas = landowners, artisans, herdsmen, merchants . Kshatriyas = the warrior nobility 4. Brahmans = priests, scholars The caste system became a dominant factor in shaping Indian society Economic specialization & division of labour played a role in the evolution of the caste e. g. Brahmans engage freely in other occupation, avoiding those considered to be polluting The hierarchy embodied in the caste system also applies to the cosmic order; the ranking order o f the caste (from pure to impure) corresponded to the ascending order of the divinities as well POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Not much is known about the political organization in India before the coming of the Aryans However, we know that Harappans had adopted the city as a means of organizing & controlling their civilization Up to five major Harappan cities are known: Harappa after which the civilization is named; Mohenjodaro, Kalibagan, Chanhudaro & Doraji Aryans were loosely organized into families, clans and tribes. Tribes were headed by chiefs/kings called Rajas, most of whom were elected or chosen by rotation from the leading families Rajas shared political power with councils of elders & assemblies of adult males There were two forms of states in India: Republics and Kingdoms In the Republics, rajas continued to rule in conjunction with powerful councils and the assemblies while in the Kingdoms, the power of the rajas grew at the expense of the councils & the assemblies. Most often, power became hereditary Monarchies developed administrative systems headed by chief priests and military leaders Close alliance between kings & priests; Brahmans were involved in the consecration of new kings; the kings supported the emerging Hindu priesthoods RELIGION Again, little is known about early religion in Harappan India. However, we know that religion in early India was a form of polytheism People of Harappan culture worshipped a goddess whose clay figurines have been recovered in Harappa & Mohenjodaro Aryans introduced new gods including: Indra = the god of war Agni = The spirit of the sacrificial fire Varuna = the lord of the big sky Aryans sacrificed to these divinities by slaughtering dozens, even hundreds of animals & sometimes humans too Sacrifices were accompanied by hymns, prayers & rituals. The hymns were passed on through generations to become core of the Hindu scriptures, the vedas HINDUISM Hinduism emerged from the merging of the gods of the Aryans and those of the conquered Dravidians Early Hindus saw some of their gods in the shape of animals (anthropomorphic divinities) such as snakes, the sacred cow etc However, Hinduism did evolve to engage in philosophical search for the deepest spiritual principle of the universe The most important gods of the Hindu faith are: Brahma = the creator god; also called the Absolute Being or the World/Universal Soul Vishnu = the preserver of the universe Shiva = the dancing divinity with four arms and the destroyer of all things; also the Lord of Beasts The concept of Brahma later subsumed all the three gods (Brahma, Vishnu & Shiva). Brahma personified the concept of a deity that could be worshipped; Brahman (as the title for the priestly class) is a derivative of the same word Brahman can also be described as the universal principle that underlies all that exists, the spiritual essence permeating the entire cosmos & the one hidden in all things; hence reincarnation THE VEDAS Today, Hinduism is based on the vedas, the sacred books of the Hindu religion. Vedas are believed to have been divinely inspired. There are four vedas: 1. Yajurveda: a manual of sacrifice for the officiating priest 2. Atharvaveda: a catalogue of charms & spells supposed to be effective in curing illnesses, arousing passion in the object of one’s desire or in destroying one’s enemies 3. Rig Veda (means â€Å"verses of wisdom† or â€Å"knowledge†): a compilation of more than 1000 poems composed between 1500-900 BCE, addressed to various Aryan gods. For example one of the poems is dedicated to Indra who is described as the god of thunder who pierced the bellies of the mountains to release waters (possibly referring to annual floods caused by the melting of snow in the Himalayas). Another poem appeals for protection of goddess Night whose radiance was believed to drive away darkness Another poem is by a gambler lamenting an unlucky throw of the dice which has caused his wife to repel him and his mother-in-law to hate him. 4. Upanishads (meaning â€Å"sitting down near†): These are philosophical treatises in prose and verse. They are cast in the form of dialogues between teacher and student They examine the nature of reality and the problem of man’s place in the universe. They reveal a genius for conceptual reasoning still admired today. †¢Upanishads teach that evil is the fruit of ignorance; that the pursuit of wisdom is pursuit of the highest possible good and that attainment of wisdom bestows both power and virtue †¢Main Teachings: The Absolute Being/World Soul is the only supreme reality Material world is an illusion (or maya); it is not permanent †¢That individual souls go through a cycle of rebirth; the soul seeks to reach nivarna (spiritual liberation) †¢That the soul can escape the cycle of rebirth by union with the Absolute Being. The individual soul (atman) is actually a fragment of Brahman, the Universal Soul. OTHER ASPECTS OF HINDUISM The concept of brotherhood of all living things embodied in the concepts of reincarnation and transmigration of souls, karma and ahimsa The Hindu faith holds that each human soul is reborn/reincarnated in the body of some other creature – human, animal, plant or even supernatural being over & over again The precise form one takes on reincarnation depends on karma or the actions one takes in the present life Good and pious life – you may be reborn as a Brahman or other high caste; a life of self-indulgence & sin – you may live your next life as a worm, dog or something else Members of lowly castes were encouraged to diligently do their duties to be born to higher status Dharma (faithful performance of one’s assigned role) and Karma (merits and demerits earned as a result of action) cemented loyalty to the prescriptions of caste. Thus doctrine of transmigration of souls reinforced the caste system Ahimsa refers to the doctrine of nonviolence; first emerged among the Jains before adoption by others in Indian society Meditation – Hindus belief that one might escape endless rounds of lives filled in with human suffering through meditation (i. e. the mystical concentration of all psychic forces) The goal of Yogi meditation is the submergence of one’s ego in the supreme unity of Brahman. This is achieved through spiritual enlightenment: that all differences are illusions (or maya) & that all that really exists is the totality of Brahman, the Absolute Being BUDDHISM Has origins in religious reforms in Indian society in the 6th century BCE. These reforms produced the spiritual teachers or gurus The gurus were later described as the naked philosophers (or the gymnosophists) because they walked naked in the rain and the sun to discipline the flesh Also fasted for long periods of time & engaged in exhausting exersices that developed into the sacred discipline of yoga Two leading gurus were Mahavira (540-476 BCE) & Prince Siddartha or Gautama (563-483 BCE) Mahavira founded Jainism & Gautama founded Buddhism Gautama was given the title of Buddha (the Enlightened One) by his followers; was born in the Himalayas, present day Nepal GAUTAMA’S TEACHINGS He denied the existence of a soul; taught that only matter existed (in opposition to teaching of Upanishads) Because matter was always in a state of flux, he recognized no Absolute Being or any fixed universal principle other than constant change Even gods were subject to laws of growth & decay; the universe is forever becoming He retained the concept of karma; he believed that the root of suffering is desire (i. e. he pursuit of unattainable goals because the objects sought are fleeting & unreal) In this sense, he agreed with orthodox Hinduism that worldly things are an illusion or maya To reach Nivarna, one should recognize & reject worldly desires as blind follies; cultivate unselfishness, compassion & honesty; reject injury to others such as murder, theft & adultery; choose a life that does not bring harm to other living things 500 years after Buddhism was founded, it split into two major divisions: Hinayana School ( the Lesser Vehicle) and Mahayana School (the Greater Vehicle) HINAYANA SCHOOL So called because it emphasized individual salvation; claimed that a diligent person could attain nivarna in three lifetimes Bodhisattva – successive incarnations of the Buddha Denied existence of a soul; does not recognize the founder of Buddhism as a god. However, prayers, gifts of flowers & incense may be offered to his image Found in Sri Lanka, Bu rma (Myanmar), Thailand, Cambodia & Laos MAHAYANA SCHOOL Mahayana sets as its goal the redemption of the entire human race; worships Buddha as a god The concept of Bodhisattva – represents the Buddha-elect, an individual who has won enlightenment but chooses to remain in the world for the liberation of others; agreeing to suffer as ransom for all human beings Everyone is potentially a Bodhisattva & may become a Buddha. It embodied as cardinal virtues love, piety, joy & serenity Mahayana Buddhism found in China, Tibet, Mongolia, Nepal & Japan, but it disappeared in India in later centuries JAINISM Founded by Mahavira; it is contemporary with & in many respects parallel to Buddhism. Mahavira broke radically with traditional religions, rejected both their deities and their scriptures Doctrines of Jainism To Mahavira, the material universe is real, but it is filled with an infinite number of souls lodged in living creatures & inanimate things Rejected the concept of an overriding World Soul & taught that individual souls are held in bondage by matter; this bondage is perpetuated through successive births by operation of karma Because every action produces karma and karma adds weight to the chains of bondage, the only route to escape is to avoid action altogether; thus nivarna represents a place of absolute passivity Mahavira prescribed a regime of extreme asceticism, ideally culminating in death through self-starvation. Despite its atheistic tendencies, Jainism did resemble a true religion with prayers, holy scriptures and gods. Today, there are about 2 million Jains in southern and western India Prominent in Jain faith is the doctrine of ahimsa or non-injury to living things; it imposes taboos against slaughter of not only of animals but even insects. Ahimsa contributed ethical suppo rt to the ideal of pacifism Since Jainism ruled out the practice of agriculture, Jains turned to trade & money-lending, becoming some of the wealthiest in Indian society ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE VEDIC AGE Medicine: dissection, delicate surgeries; thorough knowledge of human anatomy; study of embryology Knowledge of astronomy: the first to suggest that the earth revolves on its axis & that the earth rotates around the sun Mathematics: were the first to extract square & cube roots; used the decimal system; invented the principle of zero, eventually adopted by the rest of the world; Arabic numbers in use today originated in India; advances in algebra Literature: Two epic poems: Mahabharata & Ramayana Mahabharata – the longest poem in the world with over 10,000 verses. About the struggle between two powerful Indian clans, but gods were involved also Ramayana – a romantic story of Prince Rama who rescues his lovely wife Sita fromRavana, the demon king of Ceylon Arthasastra a political commentary

Albert Camus’ The Stranger Essay

Color and weather as elements used to explore thought and emotion in Albert Camus’ The Stranger Literary techniques have long been an effective tool that authors use in order to convey deeper meaning within their text, particularly for novels that have a seemingly simple purpose. The Stranger by Albert Camus, translated by Matthew Ward is a perfect example of this, on the surface it is about a murder committed by a heartless man, beneath it traces the development of this man, his thoughts, his principles and finally the acceptance of his fate. Color and weather are two elements that Camus uses in order to develop this deeper meaning, and to explore his protagonist’s thoughts and emotions. This technique explores the wider concept of existentialism as well, essentially classifying The Stranger as an existentialist novel. Color and weather are used in conjunction at times, but when employed separately; their influence materializes in different ways within the novel. Weather as used by Camus directly influences the actions of his protagonist Meursault. The most prominent instance would be when he commits the murder of the Arab, because of the intense heat. This is evident in the line â€Å"The Sea carried up a thick, fiery breath. It seemed to me as if the sky split open from one end to the other to rain down fire. My whole being tensed and I squeezed my hand around the revolver.†1 Here, the sun and the heat are used to create vivid imagery that characterizes the weather as a force by itself, an irrefutable force that has control over Meursault, something that dictates his physical actions at times. Meursault feels the physical attributes of the world around him in a much greater capacity than others, which is an indication of his existentialist nature. The physical world is all that matters to him, nothing beyond it. The sun is used as a recurring symbol to trace the progression of Meursault’s character through the novel. His attitude towards it, they way he views the effect of the sun on himself is an indicator of his transgression as he is convicted and then as he develops his realization of the world, and accepts his fate. In the first part of the novel, the sun seems to cause him solely discomfort, he feels suffocated and weary under the constant battering of its repressive force. This is indicated when Meursault says, on the day of his mothers funeral â€Å"But today, with the sun bearing down, making the whole landscape shimmer with heat, it was inhuman and oppressive.†2 The death of his mother did not cause him grief, but the force of the sun did. Here, he is entirely focused on the physical aspects of his being; he does not function on a level deeper than that. However, this is contrasted to his view towards the end of the novel, when he says â€Å"†¦.all night long, waited patiently for the first light to show on the pane of sky.†3 He values the earth and what it has to give, in the view of his approaching death he looks to the sun as a symbol of hope. Thus what the sun represents to Meursault has changed, once it symbolized aggression and violence, now it indicates hope, and acceptance in his life. While weather was used to influence Meursault’s actions, color is employed by Camus to reflect Meursault’s thought process and his emotions. Meursault observes color intently as he is completely immersed in the physical world in the first part of the novel. Red features prominently as an indicator of violence, death and aggression. At his mother’s funeral, Meursault describes his mother’s burial as â€Å"†¦ the blood – red earth spilling over Maman’s casket, the white flesh of the roots mixed with it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 4 The red earth reflects the death of his mother, the white represents the empty feeling he associates with it. The line could be seen as an allusion to his ambivalent feelings towards his mother’s death, guilt at not being able to conform to society’s expectations, represented by red, and awareness that his mother’s death has not caused him to feel anything; therefore he is empty, represented by white. Yellow and green appear occasionally in the course of the novel as well, to reflect certain aspects of Meursault’s thinking, and emotions. After an enjoyable dinner at Celeste’s, Meursault says â€Å"The sky was green; I felt good.†5 Green here represents contentment, and a certain tranquil calm that enables him to live in the moment, with his simple concerns and thoughts. Yellow is used when he describes his dead mother and the mirror on his wall. Thus, it represents dilapidation and aging, something that does not appeal to Meursault. Blue and black are significant colours as when they are contrasted with each other, they represent Meursault’s struggle between an obligation to conform to society, and a desire to be freed from all responsibility. It can be inferred from the line â€Å"I felt a little lost between the blue and white of the sky and the monotony of the colors around me – the sticky black of the tar, the dull black of all the clothes, and the shiny black of the hearse†6 that his ambivalence troubles him. Black as a symbol of mourning represents what Meursault should be feeling, despair and loneliness, while blue and white represent his desire to be liberated, to live in the world without having to feel guilty for his lack of feeling at his mother’s death. Meursault’s keen observation of color and the fact that the weather affects him in profound ways all allude to something deeper. There is a perceptible change in Camus’ writing style when he describes nature, and when he describes emotion or a social situation. The sentences flow freely when he writes of nature, describing the sun or the weather or the lap of water against his skin. This is starkly different from the language used to depict social situations, or emotion. The sentences are short and clipped, suggesting Meursault’s unease with conforming to society and its regulations. His connection with nature hints at his existentialist tendencies revealed later on in the novel, as he finds pleasure in the physical world; instances such as good weather please him. The usage of these elements as literary techniques in the novel contributes to a deeper understanding of the nature of existentialism itself. Existentialism is a predominant theme in The Stranger, one that Camus has chosen to explore in a compelling way. His focus on the physical, weather and color are both aspects of the world that are visible on the surface. They symbolize the very essence of existentialism, a focus on the absolute, what is tangible and present rather than something unidentifiable and abstract. Existentialists focus on concrete human existence, Camus has alluded to this by employing weather and color as techniques in the novel to illustrate his protagonist’s thoughts. The development of these symbols, the Sun in particular and what it means to Meursault is indicative of Camus’ own thoughts towards existentialism. His character Meursault is resolved of his struggle in the end; he reaches a stage where he accepts his impending death. By doing this, Camus encourages the reader to persevere in spite of absurdity. He cites it as an obstacle to overcome rather than a reason for ending ones life, which is the common outcome of an existentialist’s thinking. Thus, Albert Camus makes use of color and weather to convey certain deeper connotations of the novel, as well as to indicate his protagonist’s existentialist tendencies, and his own thoughts on this philosophy. He uses symbols, vivid imagery and contrast to highlight the conflict within Meursault, which is an important facet of the novel. His symbolic presentation of the sun traces Meursault’s character development, from a man removed from most of the world, to a man who accepts his fate and truly appreciates the world around him. These are the elements that contribute to the depth of a novel, give it many layers that provoke thought within the reader. Bibliography Camus, Albert (1942) The Stranger, Alfred. A. Knopf, Inc (1998) 1 The Stranger by Albert Camus, translated by Matthew Ward, page 59 2 The Stranger by Albert Camus, translated by Matthew Ward, page 15 3 The Stranger by Albert Camus, translated by Matthew Ward, page 113 4 The Stranger by Albert Camus, translated by Matthew Ward, page 18 5 The Stranger by Albert Camus, translated by Matthew Ward, page26 6 The Stranger by Albert Camus, translated by Matthew Ward, page 17

Rising caesarean section rates in the developed world- what needs to Scholarship Essay

Rising caesarean section rates in the developed world- what needs to be done - Scholarship Essay Example These include: maternal health, age, education, marital status, ethnic background and socio-economic perspectives. Women in the developed world are generally career oriented, and therefore, usually delay child birth. Thus the age and the health factors have impeded the natural process of giving birth in such women. Elective C-section is also opted for by such women because they find it easier to get an appointment for a C-section rather than waiting for their water to break, or for the labour to begin unexpectedly. The fear of labour pains forces many women to choose elective C-section. Education of pregnant women is essential, so as to encourage them to go through the natural process of child birth. Media can play an important role in advocating vaginal birth and in preventing unnecessary C-sections in the developed world. The socio-economic factor of the women in the developed world is pushing the rates even higher. The cost of a C-section is higher than a vaginal delivery- no wonder how private hospitals pay hefty fees to their surgeons! Insurance coverage is a compelling factor for the physicians to opt for C-section because the majority of the litigation cases are based on the claim that a timely C-section was not performed. The health insurance policies in the developed countries deal strictly with cases of head injuries or cerebral palsy that may occur during vaginal birth. ‘But fear of malpractice and complications on the part of physicians also has increased the use caesareans unnecessarily, Flamm says. On average, 90% of breach-babies are delivered by C-section, as are half of twins. C-section rates also are higher among women with any history of sexually transmitted disease. But the single greatest factor in rising rates, Flamm says, is fear of malpractice suits.’ (Lowers, 37) The rise in the C-section rates in the developed world has become a cause of concern. To a certain extent, abdominal birth, or C-section birth is taking over the

An analysis of reflections in the placement Journal Essay

An analysis of reflections in the placement Journal - Essay Example However, as I got older, I began to see school on a different perspective, a more matured outlook. School started to matter as I got immersed in classes, met new friends, inundated with examinations and peppered with research works. During this time, I got involved in my studies and never realized that my perception of schooling has also changed. That is, I saw the school as the better part of my day, a reason for being. As I progressed from level to level, I started looking at school as a way of life - my way of life. Mornings left me feeling hopeful and energized to face the dawning of a new class and afternoons left me anxious for the following session. My days became identified with the activities in school and my hours were marked by my performance in class. At that time, I was nothing more than a student amongst a million in the world and I was ultimately defined by the role I play in school and I was fine with it. However, even with the apparent positive attitude that I have t aken on, misgivings and hesitations make up a large portion of my outlook regarding the school in its entirety. Feelings of nervousness, apprehension and doubts still clam my palms and make my stomach heave with anticipation. But then again, these are all normal human responses which have been deeply ingrained in all of us. After all, the school is an institution established to measure our capabilities and brand us as either worthy or wanting. As a principled and boastful lot, nobody is too keen of that. First Entry This essay will explain my field work placement at a school located in East London area that is called Vicarage Primary School. Â  In this piece of work I will focus on my first three days of my placement and analyse these three journals entire days. Â  The Vicarage Primary School is a learning institution located in the London Borough of Newham. Most of the students attending Vicarage Primary belong to the vastly diverse culture bisecting the East London community and as such, other languages such as Bengali, Urdu and Somali are being spoken aside from English (OFSTED Report, 2010). Likewise, Vicarage Primary School enjoys a relatively higher percentage of students eligible for free school meals as it averages to almost 40% OFSTED Report, 2010). At present, the school is the recipient of the Basic Skills Mark award and boasts of the Investors in People and Healthy School awards (OFSTED Report, 2010). Â   In the first day of my placement at Vicarage Primary school it was very good for me as I know most of the member of staffs that work there because I done voluntary work there since 2002 in this school and this gives me more confidence, than as if a student started placement for first time, but in the first day of my placement I was thinking what class and years the children I am working are because every year I work there I worked in different classes and year. The first thing that worried me in the first day of my placement was that I wondered would the children welcome me to work and support them, but that day was very good as most of the children remembered me since last year when I was out side with children of my class in their play time and they told me we know you miss. Also in the first day of my placement the teacher and support teacher in years 3 were very good to me as they welcome me and communicate with me about what we are going to do in that day and in which table I am working with.

Final Field Experience Summative Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final Field Experience Summative Report - Essay Example The first day offered education and training in making the apple crisp, the second day’s lecture was upon the food and food safety with some Nutrition activity (Puzzles). Third day involved sewing the 2 hall button and preparing to make pillows while the fourth day involved sewing. B. Description of instruction observed On the first day, the students were asked to make the apple crisp. To make sure that all students participated in the activity, the teacher arranged all students in the groups. Roles assigned to the members of the group included measuring oats, mixing margarine and cleaning apples. As the students performed these tasks, the teacher kept a close eye upon the students to ensure complete participation and cooperation by the students. The second day’s lesson was more theoretical than the first day’s lesson. On the second day, the teacher delivered lecture on food and food safety. He required the students to make notes so that they would pay attention throughout the lesson. The teacher did not permit any discussions among the students in this lecture. The teacher made the students pay attention towards the lectures by asking them questions randomly or asking them to repeat what he had just said. Students that would not be able to do that felt embarrassed. Thus, the teacher controlled the students psychologically. No student wanted to become prominent as a bad student, so everybody paid attention. C. Teacher transitions A teacher uses transitions to build up the students’ concepts and help them identify the links among the various lessons. Once the teacher starts the lesson there maybe need to transition either between topics or different subjects. To make the transition smooth from one lesson to another, the teacher first gave a recap of... On the first day, the students were asked to make the apple crisp. To make sure that all students participated in the activity, the teacher arranged all students in the groups. Roles assigned to the members of the group included measuring oats, mixing margarine and cleaning apples. As the students performed these tasks, the teacher kept a close eye upon the students to ensure complete participation and cooperation by the students. The second day’s lesson was more theoretical than the first day’s lesson. On the second day, the teacher delivered lecture on food and food safety. He required the students to make notes so that they would pay attention throughout the lesson. The teacher did not permit any discussions among the students in this lecture. The teacher made the students pay attention towards the lectures by asking them questions randomly or asking them to repeat what he had just said. Students that would not be able to do that felt embarrassed. Thus, the teacher c ontrolled the students psychologically. No student wanted to become prominent as a bad student, so everybody paid attention. A teacher uses transitions to build up the students’ concepts and help them identify the links among the various lessons. Once the teacher starts the lesson there maybe need to transition either between topics or different subjects. To make the transition smooth from one lesson to another, the teacher first gave a recap of the previous lesson. This way the students remembered what the last lesson entailed.

HISTORY - choose 1 of the questions to answer Essay

HISTORY - choose 1 of the questions to answer - Essay Example This paper will talk about the conditions that led to the provision of the Compromise of 1850. The paper will also talk about the issues that this compromise left unsettled. By 1850, there were just 14% of slaves present in the entire populace of the United States (Baxamusa 1). Slavery and the slave trade became nearly absent in the northern states. However, there were roughly 51% slaves still present in Mississippi and 58% in South Carolina. Mid September of 1850, the United States Congress, took a number of measures to resolve the issues concerning slavery and forestall Secession. The country, therefore, created the Compromise of 1850. Missouri developed into a state in 1818 (Baxamusa 1). However, the settlers wanted the region to continue being a slave state. The political leaders of the north states, in contrast, did not fancy a slave state. Maine, during the same year, also wanted to be acknowledged as a state under the Union. Thus, in 1820, an accord referred to as the Missouri Compromise was reached, which permitted Missouri to continue being a slave state. Maine, nevertheless, was a slave-free state. This brought about division in the country splitting the nation into two (Baxamusa 1). The southerners, after the Missouri Compromise, carried out all their affairs alone leaving out the northerners. The northerners, however, wanted to unite every state in the United States. After three decades of the Missouri Compromise, California requested to be included in the Union ruling out slavery. However, the Missouri Compromise also split California into two. This dilemma became even more complex owing to the unsettled question of slavery's expansion into other regions, which were offered by Mexico in 1848. Political leaders of the north could not settle on whether or not they should allow California enter as a free state (Baxamusa 1). However, a United States Senator, Henry Clay, from Kentucky was determined to get a resolution to the crisis. Clay, at the age of 70, presented a negotiation on 29th January, 1850. This conciliation consisted of five bills, which would help resolve the nervousness between the free states of the North slave and the states from the South. Texas’ debt to Mexico was one of the leading circumstances, which lead to the 1850 Compromise (Baxamusa 1). The compromise confirmed that Texas would give up the land in dispute. As a way of compensation, Texas would be offered $10 million, which could be used to settle its debt to Mexico. Territorial disputes between New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah were also vital circumstances that led to the creation of the 1850 Compromise. The country wanted to organize the territories of New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah without incorporating slavery in the matter. The United States congress wanted to find a way through which the inhabitants of these areas would decide upon slave trade and slavery when they wanted to be accepted as states (Baxamusa 1). Slavery in the Distri ct of Columbia was also a crucial matter that led to the formation of this compromise. Northern congressmen previously wanted the slave activity in the District of Columbia to be abolished, but slavery was still allowed. California also wanted to be incorporated as a free state to the United States.

Prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Post-Acute Assignment

Prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Post-Acute Myocardial Infraction - Assignment Example PTSD affects the quality of life that such patient population lead often making them susceptible to other lifestyle diseases (Goldberg & Williams, 1998). In a quantitative research, I seek to determine the suitability of a psychological discharge questionnaire in serving as a diagnostic tool to guide nursing practice and the handling of post-acute myocardial infraction patients. Key among the factors that make quantitative the most appropriate mode of research in this context is the fact that it provides observable evidence that helps formulate a hypothesis (Bamberger, 2000). The variables in a quantitative study are computed without coding them. As such, they provide practical evidence that makes it easy to observe thereby formulate functional hypothesis such as the suitability of the psychological discharge questionnaire. Another equally important factor is that quantitative research does not require a restrictive design plan a feature that allows the researcher to study the variables in their natural setup (Creswell, 2014). As state earlier, the lack of adequate studies in the topical issue makes it difficult to carry out the rese arch. As such, the researcher must let the research flow naturally a possibility that a quantitative design guarantees. The independent variable in the study is the psychological discharge questionnaire while dependent variable is the detection of PTSD. The dependent variable in the research will include the various types of PSTD such as depression and anxiety among others. With a research sample of ninety patients selected randomly, the researcher will issue the psychological discharge questionnaires to forty-five and fail to give out the questionnaire to the remaining forty-five. The study then begins as the nurses use the information provided in the questionnaire to carry out follow up treatment of the patients. Additionally, the researcher observes the behavioral changes of all the samples used in the research thus making appropriate conclusions on the suitability and functionality of using questionnaires as a diagnostic tool.

Ethics of public health policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics of public health policies - Essay Example whether the government can supplant an individual decisions and choices on his health care and to what extent this intrusion is warranted or allowed. Quoting the Supreme Court’s Jacobson v Massachusetts ruling in 1905 that restraints on an individual’s liberty are necessary for the public common good, Buchanan (2008) asserts that paternalism is relied upon by public health professionals to justify policy and administration of programmes that usurp individual choice. Dworkin’s definition of paternalism as intervention in an individual decision making liberty for welfare purposes is in line with Blacksher’s (2014) finding that healthcare programmes can be enforced by reward or coercion and is intended solely for the persons good or welfare. This usurpation of decision or choice making is based on the presumptions that; the public healthcare policy is right, for instance, that vaccines will solve the problem such as the eradication of polio or diseases that individuals are compelled to be vaccinated against, and that nonintervention would harm the public. A diluted version of paternalism has been applied to causative behavior such as smoking and other lifestyle changes. According to al Amin et al (n.d.), vaccination of preteens with the Human Papilloma Virus vaccine to guard against reinfections that later cause cervical cancer was enabled by a law enabling the minors to give consent to vaccination in California. Closely related to paternalism, the utilitarian theory provides that any public health action resulting in the greatest good for the greatest number is the most reasonable cause of action (Buchanan, 2008). The utilitarian approach is commonly criticized as use of any means to achieve the public health goals. Example of this approach has been media campaigns such as drug advertisements communicating no meaningful information, but intended to shock the targeted populations towards certain directions. This theory emphasizes the needed result more

Critical Communication Event in Wireless Telecommunications Essay

Critical Communication Event in Wireless Telecommunications - Essay Example The history of wireless technology is not a onetime affair. It has been a gradual advancement that has seen bit after bit of new knowledge added to the already existing pool so that conveyance of information in the modern time has become an easy affair (Goldsmith, 2007). The case between Emery and Southwest Airlines is a classic example of issues that erupt daily which without the modern forms of communication may never be known. Emery is denied entry into the Airline’s flight on the account of his weight. The issue is seen to trigger a lot of public interest as a function of its wide coverage in the media through television and the internet. The very fundamental role of the media is reflected in this case. It is important to realize that the media solely acts as a means through which the masses can obtain the information and no more. The information is relayed through such outlets as eTurbo and ABC News which clearly analyze the whole situation thereby making the public quite informed and aware of the true nature of the Airline. It is therefore important to acknowledge the role played by modern -day communication more so wireless communication in the dissemination of very fundamental information that relates to humanity. Through such informa tion, people are able to exercise their social characteristics to the benefit of humanity at

Scheduling and Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scheduling and Implementation - Essay Example It is almost like a unexplainable process for the choosing appropriate deadlines for appropriate tasks. It is like estimating the time based on some features and historical factors in correspondence with the task. When the exact deadlines are not given, this is the method that is chosen to estimate the deadline. If planning is done properly, the project scheduling can almost help in accurately meeting the deadlines. (Haugna 65-68) The networks are not only used to identify the time and material factors. The usage of resources for each task and their allocations can be well planned if proper networking techniques are followed. Simple networking techniques like Gantt charts could help in a large way in identifying the quantity of resources required. Network analysis also helps in maintaining a constant work time for all resources and also ensures equal amount of distribution of work. It helps in identifying the activity times , The resources required for each activity, resources that are available in each category and any other management level restrictions. (Lucey 403) Total float in a project schedule is the delay of performing an activity. This delays the activities that succeed the delaying activity. The delay in total float is allowed by ensuring that it does not affect the total project time. IndependeIndependent Float Independent float of an activity in a project is the slack in the entire scheduling of the corresponding activities. The preceding activity is assumed to begin late and the succeeding activity is assumed to start early. Free Float In a project schedule, the free float is defined as the maximum delay in the performance of the corresponding activity without disturbing the schedule of the succeeding activity. Remaining Float In a project schedule the activities may be scheduled to begin late. In this situation the remaining float is the maximum amount of speed permitted in the work of an activity. It is made sure that it does not affect the activity that precedes the particular activity. This does not reduce the duration of activity, but working on the particular activity even before it starts its execution. (Lock 80) Why should an organization be charted An organization should be charted to know the structure of the organization. It depicts the internal relationship between the various departments and the employees. The organization chart clearly shows the employees and their hierarchy. It is also used to represent the people working in a particular team. Charting an organization will define the roles and responsibilities of each and every employee in that organization. It helps in establishing the strategies for team work and assists in the decision making process. (Lock 100) Discuss the importance of personal agreement and commitment to a schedule. Once a schedule is planned and designed it should be followed. There should be a commitment to the planned schedule. If any of the activity in a schedule is modified or altered, it will definitely affect the other activities in the schedule. This will result in the time delay of the project which in turn will affect

Loneliness in Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Loneliness in Of Mice and Men Essay Explore the issues connected with loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men. Loneliness is examined carefully in Of Mice and Men. In the world of itinerant ranch-hands, loneliness is an inescapable part of life and Steinbeck records this through the plot and characters in his novel. Being lonely is the lack of an emotional, mutual bond, which leads the characters to lose a sense of self-worth and dignity. This essay explores what Steinbeck discusses about loneliness in Of Mice and Men and how he uses the characters of Candy, Crooks, George, Lennie and Curleys wife to express these views. George and Lennie are the most interesting starting point for such an exploration since they are the only two characters in the novel who are defined by their companionship rather than loneliness. George proclaims proudly to Lennie in the early pages of the novel, that itinerant ranch-hands, typical of the economic Depression in the USA in the 1930s, are the loneliest guys in the world but with us [them] it aint like that. Both George and Lennie know that their friendship gives them a future and gives their life purpose and significance. They want to own a farm where they can live off the fatta the lan' and rear animals; where their feeling of self-worth will not stem from gambling and prostitutes, but from their camaraderie-their importance to each other. On the other hand, other wandering workers got no family and they dont belong no place. George and Lennie know that their companionship sets them apart-it makes them dignified enough to have a dream and think about putting down roots, a dream that most ranch-hands would have had at the time, but would never achieve. Other ranch-hands remained as islands, their lives cut off from anybody elses. The fact that the bond between George and Lennie would have been rare-it is the only instance of true friendship between men in the novel-shows that at the time of the Great Depression, every man was for himself. Indeed, a few characters are suspicious of their friendship, thinking it financially exploitative: You takin his pay away from him? Well, I never seen a guy take so much trouble for another guy. The only reason their friendship exists is because Lennie is so simple; his vulnerability and dependence on George make him loyal and trustworthy, unlike any other ranch-hand. Although George says, When I think of the swell time I could have without you, I go nuts, he knows that Lennies presence makes him feel more important and confident than an average itinerant worker like him would normally-being in charge with Lennie makes him feel in charge of his life. Tragically, however, by the end of the novel this is what George becomes-an average itinerant worker; he has to kill Lennie and after losing the only emotional human connection he had, Georges dream and dignity are both destroyed: He usta like to hear about it so much I got to thinking maybe we would [be able to have the farm.] The fact remains that such an honest friendship has a flawed foundation-Lennies mental debility, although making a friendship possible, also makes him too vulnerable to make prudent decisions. Loneliness is thus inevitable for George and all his fellow wanderers. In many ways, George and Lennies relationship is mirrored by that between Candy and his dog. Again, Candy is able to gain true loyalty and trust only from a dog-a one-dimensional, vulnerable being. When the thick-skinned Carlson asks, He aint no good to you Whynt you shoot him Candy? the only answer Candy can produce is that he had him so long. Over the years, Candy has developed a special bond of care, as opposed to simple utility, with his dog. To Carlson, who can only understand the value of a person in terms of their practical usefulness, due to his experience of the Great Depression, this bond is meaningless. After his dog is shot, Candy is reduced to a useless old cripple, also encapsulated in solitude. The dogs companionship had allowed Candy to cherish his past and be hopeful for his future, but now he has nothing to look forward to: When they can me here I wisht somebodyd shoot me I wont have no place to go an I cant get no more jobs. The dream farm tempts Candy, too, because he feels that owning a place will prevent him from becoming a lonely monument for passing ranch-hands to observe. His desperation for the farm is so intense that even after Lennies death he hopes George may work towards it, but to no avail-Candy too is destined to be alone, unknown and uncared for once he can no longer serve a practical purpose.

Preventing Animal Abuse

Preventing Animal Abuse 1. Introduction Animal abuse is the form of mistreatment of animal that is often falls into three  categories: neglect, intentionally and unintentionally. Firstly, failure to give  daily necessities to the animal such as food would be classified as neglect. Next,  for intentionally, these people abuse animal for entertainment purposes to earn  their daily expenses or for their own excitement and enjoyment. Some may even  inflict harm on the animal in order to feel more superior or gain control. Lastly,  for unintentionally, these people do not know what the correct ways to treat  animal or they do know that they were actually mistreating the animal. For  instance they felt that there is a need to beat their pets in order to discipline  them. (OntarioSPCA 2009). This report will show that animal abuse is not right hence the purpose of this report is to educate people the various measures preventing or minimising animal abuse. It also cover the different organizations that stop and prevent  animal abuse. 2. Reason to stop animal abuse Research in psychology and criminology shows that people who commit an act  of cruelty towards an animal don’t stop there. They are at a higher risk and  chance to commit property crime compared to those who do not have any  history of animal abuse (Goleman, 1991). Hence it is very important to stop  animal abuse so that crime rates will not further increase in the future. For  example there was an article stating that Carroll Edward Cole was a serial killer  had murdered as many as 35 women in the 1970s, and was executed in 1985. His first violent act was strangling a puppy (Newton, 2001). Eric Harris and  Dylan Klebod the Columbian High School shooters had bragged to friends  about injuring animals before murdering a total of 12 students and one teacher. On top of that, they set a bomb which could have wiped out 600 people (Cullen,  2004). Furthermore, the number of cases for animal abuse has increased to more  than 65% for the past five years, not to mention that it is wrong for people to abuse others especially animals who cannot even speak or defend for  themselves (Degenhardt, 2005). 3. Measures to stop animal abuse There are a few measures that can be taken to stop animal abuse. First of all,  schools must educate the younger ones the right way to treat animals as it is  important for people to have the right mentality towards how to treat animals  from young. School can do so by conducting lessons and invite organization  like SPCA to conduct talks about animal abuse (Drake, 2010). Empathize that  animal abuse is consider a crime in Singapore which people can be jailed up to  a year or fined ten thousand dollars or both (Tan, 2014).Next, the government  can also stiffen the penalties of animal abuse. With that, people will most likely  not repeat the same mistake as people do not want to experience the strict  penalties (Kim, 2010). Last but not least, before individual or family buy or  adopt a pets, they must think whether they are financially stable enough to own  a pet so that they will be able to provide their pets with daily necessities like  food. Furthermore, ow ning a pet need a lot of commitment, for instance owning  a puppy will need to have a commitment of 10 years or so. They need to think  whether they are mentally prepare to own a pets or it will lead to the neglecting  of animals and that is a form of animal abuse (ASPCA, n.d). 4. Organization that prevent animal abuse There have been different organization against the idea of animal abuse and  took measures to prevent it from happening. Some of the organizations are â€Å"The  American Society for the Prevention of Animal Cruelty (ASPCA), Cats Welfare  Society (CWS) and Animal Concern Research Education Society (ACRES). These organization help to spread and inspire people around the world to stop  animal abuse through the internet and campaign. 4.1. American Society for the Prevention of Animal Cruelty (ASPCA) The American Society for the Prevention of Animal Cruelty (ASPCA) is the  first humane organisation in the Western Hemisphere. The ASPCA work  nationally to help animals from being abused, pass humane laws and share  resources with many shelter across the world. They operate in many  programme areas, such as Anti-Cruelty, Animal Health Service, Community  Outreach and Government Relationship. They help to legislate animal cruelty  laws by lobbying for stronger humane legislation nationwide (ASPCA, n.d). 4.2. Cat Welfare Society (CWS) The Cat Welfare Society (CWS) aims to promote a humane, responsible and  informed society in Singapore so that cat can be treated responsibility. They  actively promote sterilisation as a personal responsibility of cat owners to  prevent further population to increase instead of destruction. For instance  records have been showing that 13,000 community cats were put down every  year, and the root cause of the problem is that there were too many cats being  born. The CSW also work closely with all the Town Council, Housing  Development Board, National Environment Agency and Agri-food   Veterinary Authority of Singapore to resolve cat issues humanely. (CWS, n.d). 4.3. Animal Concern Research Education Society (ACRES) Animal Concern Research Education Society (ACRES) wanted to create a  world where animals are treated with compassion and respect and to improve  the living condition and welfare of animals in captivity. They also educate  people and the public to promote actively community involvement in the animal  protection movement. Furthermore they also strive towards synergistic  partnership with authorities and relative parties (Schweitzer, 2009). 5. Conclusion In conclusion, organizations and society have already started to take action  against animal abuse as research have shown that animal abuse have brought  about a negative impact to the people. Hence I think that animal abuse is wrong  and should be stop and prevented so that the number of case will not increase  any further. References: ASPCA (n.d), Programs and Service Retrieved from: http://www.aspca.org/about-us/programs-and-services Cullen (2004), The Depressive and the Psychopath Retrieved from: http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/assessment/2004/04/the_depressive_and_the_psychopath.3.html CWS (n.d), Our Mission Retrieved from: http://catwelfare.org/aboutus Drake (2010), The Answer to Preventing Animal Abuse: Humane Education? Retrieved from: http://www.care2.com/causes/humane-education-is-the-answer.html Goleman (1991), Animal Cruelty May Be A Warning Retrieved from: http://www.peta.org/issues/companion-animal-issues/companion-animals-factsheets/animal-abuse-human-abuse-partners-crime/ Newton (2001), Carroll Edward Cole Fact, Retrieved from: http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/edward_cole/3.html OntarioSPCA (2009), What is Animal Cruelty, Retrieved from: http://www.ontariospca.ca/what-we-do/investigations/animal-cruelty-resources/what-is-animal-cruelty.html Schweitzer (n.d), The Importance of Humane Education Retrieved from: http://www.acres.org.sg/humaneeducation/importance.html Tan (2014), Penalty of Animal Abuse, Retrieved from: https://sg.news.yahoo.com/man-fined-maximum10-000-for-animal-cruelty-after-dog-s-death-041721997.html

Rameshwaram,Tamilnadu

Rameshwaram,Tamilnadu Rameswaram town in Ramanathapuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu is famous as Rameshwaram throughout the world.The holy island of Rameswaram called as ?Benaras of the South? is the only place worshipped by both Saivites and Vaishnavites as it is India?s most venerated and most visited Shiva shrines and is also associated with the life of Lord Rama, the hero of the epic Ramayana. It is located on an island separated from mainland India by the Pamban channel. Kashi and Rameshwaram together are one of the holiest places in India to Hindus and part of the Char Dham pilgrimages.The Rameshwaram island is spread over 61.8 square kilometers and has shape of a conch. Rameswaram is one of the 12 Jyothirlingas of India and   considered one among four most sacred pilgrim centers of India namely Rameswaram in the South, Badrinath in the North, Puri in the East and Dwaraka in the West. Among these, Rameswaram is dedicated to Shiva, while the other three are dedicated to lord Vishnu.T he Ramanatha Swamy Temple is the main temple of Rameshwaram and is very beautifully constructed.It can be considered as the masterpiece of Dravidian architecture.The temple has twenty-two wells and surprisingly the taste of the water of each well is different and wells are believed to possess medicinal properties.Dr. Abdul Kalam,Ex-president of India,belongs to a small village,Dhanushkodi situated on the island.Legends says Lord Rama built a bridge Ram Setu across the sea at this place to reach Lanka to rescue godess Sita and   also worshipped Lord Shiva after   killing Ravana, who was the greatest worshipper of Lord Shiva and also blessed by lord shiva.According to the Puranas lord Rama along with Sita and Lakshmana installed and worshipped the Sivalinga here to avoid sins of killing Ravana,a brahmin.Sethu Karai is 22 km before the island of Rameswaram where lord Rama is believed   to have built a Floating Stone Bridge Ramasethu till Rameswaram that further continued from Dha nushkodi in Rameswaram till Talaimannar in Sri Lanka.Rameswaram is an acclaimed Parihara Sthala, where it is believed all sins get absolved. Devotees take holy dips at Sethu Theertha, Agni Theertha and other sacred waters, offer pujas to get progeny, perform Shraadha for their ancestors. Places to visit- Sri Ramanathaswamy Temple- This temple is directly related to lord Rama and believed to be the must visit place for hindus if one wants to attain nirvana from the cycle of birth and death.There are seven such places in India where one would like to offer prayers for achieving salvation in life and Rameshwaram temple is one of those.The temple has the longest corridor in whole of India. This place has great significance as it is believed that Whole Ramayan was conceived in this place. Gandhamadhana Parvatham- Gandhamadhana is most renowned and worshiped in the southern India having Lord ramas feet imprinted on the chakra placed in the temple.Gandhamadhana is the deity of several communities in southern India. It is a holy place thronged by devotees from all parts of India.It has Rama tirtham constructed on the Gandamadhana Parvata hence th it is called Gandamadana.It is near Dhanushkodi,where Rama met Vibhishana and has its own historical importance. Agnitheertham- It is one of the 12 jyotirlings of India and is one of the holiest place to visit.It has a large lake   whose water is considered holy and people believes that taking bath in the place washes away their sins and one attains salvation.It has 22 wells having waters of different taste. It is one visit place. Badrakaliamman Temple- It is the largest temple of Ma Kali in southern India who is the holy mother for devottes in southern India.The statue of Maa kali is of pure gold and   temple has different master pieces of different ages. Annai Indira Gandhi Road Bridge- It is the longest bridge in southern India connecting Rameswaram Island to the main land.It is also called the Pambam Bridge as it is located beside Pamban, the sacred place where Rama could quench the thirst of Sita by throwing an arrow in the place where they could actually retrieve cool water.It is 7kms long.   Other temples- There are numerous other temple having religious as well as historical significance. Villondi tirtham is one of those temples located on a place where lord Rama buried his bow as villondi means a buried bow.It is about 7 kms from main Rameshwar temple and is considered to be a sacred place by most of the followers.It has a   spot where drinking water is available in the midst of salty sea. Dhanushkodi Temple is other main temple on the southern tip of India located near the Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean on the other side. The seas are in the shape of bow and arrow when viewed from the top.Lord Rama has his pious feet even in this temple and whole story of Ramayana revolves here as well. Five faceted Hanuman temple is other famous temple.The statues of lord Rama, Laxman, Sita and Hanuman are placed in the temple.The temple has a floating stone which was believed to be used to bulid the bridge on the sea.Nambu Nayagiamman Temple is other worth visiting temple How to reach- By Air- Nearest airport is   Madurai,163 km from Rameshwaram and has good road connection to it. By Train- The railway connects Rameshwaram to places like   Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore, Trichy and Thanjavur   and 2 km long Indira Gandhi Bridge connects the island of Rameshwaram with the mainland of Mandapam. By Road- Rameshwaram is well connected by roads   to all the major cities nearby, Kanyakumari, Trichy, Pondicherry, Tanjore and Chennai.  

Alcatraz Essay -- essays research papers

Alcatraz: United States Penitentiary 1934-1963 As a result of the Great Depression, a new breed of violent criminals swept the streets of America. In response to the cries of alarmed citizens, Congress enacted a number of statutes, which gave the federal government jurisdiction over certain criminal offenses previously held by the states. With the suggestion of former US Attorney General, Homes Cummings, Congress agreed that a special penal institution of maximum security and minimum privilege be established. In 1934, the legendary US Penitentiary of Alcatraz was born and became the home of Americas most wanted for the next thirty years. Once authorized by Congress, the US Department of Justice acquired control of Alcatraz Island, previously a US Army compound. As the island was redeveloped into a maximum-security prison, seven of its twelve acres were enclosed in a prison compound. The remaining five were set aside for employee residences, apartments, and recreational space. Soon after the redesigning of the old Army fortress, the Alcatraz prison was ready for the grand opening (or better said lockout!). Equipped with four different cellblocks, A, B, C and D, the Rock began its operations on January 2, 1934. Although cellblock A was seldom used, B, C and D provided 378 â€Å"cages† to accommodate the most notorious felons that America could produce. The first of four wardens to take charge of the penitentiary was a retired, professional administrator named James A. Johnston. ...

Marketing The Non-Interest Banking System Essay -- Finance

Marketing Non-Interest Banking (International Business Vitality) Traditional Western banking system, with its 5-9% APR on loans performs some benefits for borrowers, but not "absolute," as the bankers like to joke. Much more favorable conditions for customers offer Islamic banks. These financial institutions are willing to lend money without any interest at all. At first glance, this statement seems absurd: after all, why should the bank give money to borrowers in debt with no hope of getting any benefit, if it is more successful to invest the same money in the deal and get a significant income? However, skepticism is hardly justified in this situation. The principle of Islamic banking system is based on the fact that every Muslim, regardless of whether he uses - a loan or debt, cannot carry financial transaction under a steady rate according to the religious canons. Usury is forbidden by Quran. The income of the bank is received from the investment redistribution. A Muslim who brings the money to the bank has a choice: to put them on the current account or into the investment account. If he chooses the current account, he does not receive any money, except the inflation rate, which is set by the state. If he chooses an investment account, the banker and the client agree on the client's income from the income of the bank in a given investment project . Due to the fact that Islamic banks have their own companies and production, which bring income from the sales of specific goods in the market, these programs bring profits to the investors as well. There different programs in which European banks (English and German) can be interested in. (Dalrymple, B) Accordingly, the same principle applies to borrowers. Taking the money in ... ...dely implemented by the European countries in order to prevent financial crisis and develop local businesses. (Brach, J., 2010). References Ali A. Ibrahim, The rise of customary businesses in international financial markets: An introduction to Islamic finance and the challenges of international integration. Georgetown University Law Center. (n.d.). Accessed at: http://works.bepress.com/ali_ibrahim/3 Brach, J. (2010). The Global Financial Crisis and the Arab World: Impact, Reactions and Consequences. Mediterranean Politics. Dalrymple, B. How Sharia law is affecting global interest rate determination. Journal of Finance and Accountancy . Jobst, A. A. (2007). The Economics of Islamic Finance and Securitization. IMF Working Papers Robbins, H. E. (2010). Soul Searching and Profit Seeking: Reconciling the Competing Goals of Islamic Finance. Texas Law Review Marketing The Non-Interest Banking System Essay -- Finance Marketing Non-Interest Banking (International Business Vitality) Traditional Western banking system, with its 5-9% APR on loans performs some benefits for borrowers, but not "absolute," as the bankers like to joke. Much more favorable conditions for customers offer Islamic banks. These financial institutions are willing to lend money without any interest at all. At first glance, this statement seems absurd: after all, why should the bank give money to borrowers in debt with no hope of getting any benefit, if it is more successful to invest the same money in the deal and get a significant income? However, skepticism is hardly justified in this situation. The principle of Islamic banking system is based on the fact that every Muslim, regardless of whether he uses - a loan or debt, cannot carry financial transaction under a steady rate according to the religious canons. Usury is forbidden by Quran. The income of the bank is received from the investment redistribution. A Muslim who brings the money to the bank has a choice: to put them on the current account or into the investment account. If he chooses the current account, he does not receive any money, except the inflation rate, which is set by the state. If he chooses an investment account, the banker and the client agree on the client's income from the income of the bank in a given investment project . Due to the fact that Islamic banks have their own companies and production, which bring income from the sales of specific goods in the market, these programs bring profits to the investors as well. There different programs in which European banks (English and German) can be interested in. (Dalrymple, B) Accordingly, the same principle applies to borrowers. Taking the money in ... ...dely implemented by the European countries in order to prevent financial crisis and develop local businesses. (Brach, J., 2010). References Ali A. Ibrahim, The rise of customary businesses in international financial markets: An introduction to Islamic finance and the challenges of international integration. Georgetown University Law Center. (n.d.). Accessed at: http://works.bepress.com/ali_ibrahim/3 Brach, J. (2010). The Global Financial Crisis and the Arab World: Impact, Reactions and Consequences. Mediterranean Politics. Dalrymple, B. How Sharia law is affecting global interest rate determination. Journal of Finance and Accountancy . Jobst, A. A. (2007). The Economics of Islamic Finance and Securitization. IMF Working Papers Robbins, H. E. (2010). Soul Searching and Profit Seeking: Reconciling the Competing Goals of Islamic Finance. Texas Law Review

Factors That Influence Human Development Essay

In our day and time, socioeconomic status, cultural context, and ethnicity play a huge role in human development. Human development begins while in the womb and at birth and continues through life heavily depending on these particular factors. These factors determine how a person communicates, works, looks, and chooses to live their daily lives. People are individuals and therefore, are all different people and will develop in different ways all depending on the influence of these three things in their lives. The first factor that influences human development is a person’s socioeconomic status. This indicates a person’s position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence. As a child, socioeconomic status has a big effect on the way a child is raised and the opportunities available to him/her. Children that come from high socioeconomic status families typically are more successful because they have more resources readily available to their children. They are able to afford high-quality childcare, education, and healthcare. Read more: Explain how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of personal factors essay Their children are also typically more involved in recreational sports and extra-curricular activities broadening their children’s horizons and talents. Children that are raised in low socioeconomic families lack the financial, educational, and social support that would make them feel equal to children from higher social standing families. These feelings of unease and not fitting in can lead to low confidence and low motivation. Children have to live with these feelings and the circumstances they were born into until they become adults and can make their own livings. Anyone is capable of overcoming his or her circumstances! When children grow up, they get to decide how far they want to take their education and what type of career field they want to go into as well as where and how they will choose to fit into modern day society. Cultural context is also a large factor that shapes a person’s development. Culture is defined as the characteristics of a particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, and arts. Culture affects the way we dress, what we eat, what we believe, and even the way we think about life and make decisions. I think that culture is beginning to play a larger role in development as our country begins to grow exponentially with the number or foreign immigrants making this nation their home. Different cultures are beginning to merge together making their heritage and beliefs that much more important in the hearts of their people as they grow and develop into adults. For example, a Muslim or Hindu individual will celebrate certain holidays very differently than a Catholic or Christian individual. A person’s cultural beliefs and traditions have an affect on their everyday lives, and those things will be passed down through generations. One example of a culturally taught idea here in America is the typical â€Å"American Dream† that we, as American children, have been taught through childhood and youth. From an early age, we were taught and told that with hard work, determination, and never giving up on a dream, our opportunities would be endless. Culture is another huge factor on human development. According to the textbook, there is some confusion regarding the differences between race and ethnicity. Ethnicity or an ethnic group is defined as a people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion. Race is defined as a group of people who are regarded by themselves or by others as distinct from other groups on the bases of physical appearance. Race can definitely be a misleading concept though. I think ethnicity and culture are very different things, but definitely go hand in hand pertaining to human development. Each human being is their own individual person, therefore, will grow and develop differently. Being a part of an ethnic group can have a very positive influence on a child or an adult by giving them a sense of belonging and identity; it helps them to discover and understand who they are and where they come from. It can also present negative consequences such as creating divisions between different groups of people which have caused discrimination and prejudice which in our history has unfortunately led to conflict and in extreme cases, war. All three of theses areas influence a person’s physical, cognitive, and social development in different ways. Explain why researchers interested in human development study different cultures. Give an example of a research question that would benefit from a multicultural comparison. This question can greatly be connected to the following one. Cultural tendencies are a huge factor in human development, so to get an accurate study regarding development; it would have to be a cross-cultural study. If you were questioning the correlation between height and weight of children from higher socioeconomic families versus children from lower socio economic families testing the theory that a major cause of malnutrition and low growth rate is family income and status, you would have to test your theory in different parts of the world and in different people groups. Things that would need to be considered are different styles of cooking and the way that certain people eat as well as amount of physical activity. For example, children in Africa whose job it is to work in the fields or help their family out doing some form of chores that most likely is outside and involves laborious activity are going to naturally get more physical exercise in their everyday lives that American children who sit in a classroom and then go home to play video games and maybe play an occasional game outside. Children raised in America definitely live a more sedentary lifestyle than most other people groups, and that is something to take into consideration when looking at things such as height and weight that ride on factors such as physical activity and activity level. This is the reason for researchers and psychologists that are interested in studying different cultures to get accurate answers to these questions regarding human development. Since culture, race, and ethnicity play such a huge role in development, it is necessary to study different types of people to make these assumptions. Review information related to Figure 1. 2 (Ecological Model). Explain your own development from a social, physical, and cognitive perspective from this model using at least three of the Five Characteristics of Development (page 11). This model illustrates the social, physical, and cognitive development of a person through these five different characteristics of development. The five systems are the Microsystems, exosystems, macrosystems, mesosystems, and the chronosystem. This model was created by Urie Bronfenbrenner to show how each person is significantly affected by interactions among a number of these overlapping systems. The microsystem seems to be the most critical in my personal opinion; they intimately and immediately shape development. Personally, the examples given in the model are the most important areas or things that mean the most to me as a person, and I would definitely say they are the things that have made me who I am today. My family, friends, and my faith are the most important things in my life and certainly have shaped my life. I was raised in a strong Christian family with two loving parents who support me in everything that I do. My faith is the cornerstone and foundation of who I am, and is my basis for decisions I make and the way I choose in which to live my life and the people I choose to surround myself with. I have an incredible group of friends that keep me grounded and sometimes I feel like they know me better than I know myself. These things that are included in the microsystem of development have certainly been heavyweights as I have developed into the woman I am today. The next system illustrated in this model is called the exosystem, which include external networks such as community, mass media, school/educational settings, and medical institutions that influence the inner circle of the microsystem. Personally, these areas definitely carry weight, especially in such a generation and society that is led by social networking and the media/entertainment industry. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and all of the other social networking sites drive this generation, so I believe this system has a large impact on development. As far as schooling, since I am deciding to go back to school to aim for a master’s degree in nursing, this plays a huge role in my life and development. I spend large amounts of time focusing all of my attention on schoolwork and reading to further my education. The third area I feel like has had a large impact on my personal development and life itself is the macrosystem, which influences all of the other systems and includes cultural values, political philosophies, economic patterns, and social conditions. I think the one of these areas that has personally had the most influence on me is the social conditions. Being socially aware and socially open to meeting new people and being able to learn new ways to engage others at the college age level is crucial. When our high school group of friends breaks up and moves away to take on new endeavors of their own, you have to be able to adjust and meet new people, and I feel as if that is an area I have done really well in. I love to meet new people, and I think the reason for that is the social foundation that I already had established from growing up in an environment and around people who made me feel comfortable and established self-confidence and self-worth in me. These are the areas in which I feel like have greatly influenced my personal physical, cognitive, and social development.

How to make a good business?

E very(prenominal) champion would like to digest a mature business that would roleplay him or her a parcel out of m wizard(a)y, a high life position and satis pointion. entirely how to puzzle out it? How should you begin to get set to it? It is unsaid to answer the question and thither be close to principles that shadow help us. initiatory and fore more(prenominal) or less we essential construct some capital. Lets establish we destiny around 50000 zlotys. If we wish, we squeeze out look for a partner but as for me I would like to do it on my own. So when we progress to got some cash we should navalt them. We quarter for example open a shop. wholeow ford there be a lot of shops so there is a large competition and we should be advised of it and get involvey to it. WE micturate to suppose what experts would carry on beaver. Perhaps some aid- stack garb that ar so popular lately in Poland? Everything depends on us, our ideas and involve workforcet in the matter. We pile to a fault invest in education. Why non? Lots of striking deal remember slightly their future and neediness to die surface-educated in fix to induce a sound job.That is wherefore we set up open a hostile language give instruction. To assume our electric potential school attr agile, we should echo well-nigh some kindle solutions that would attract lots attention. Maybe low prices of courses, a possibility of winning part in interesting discussions during classes and so on We essential ph unriva direct that at the beginning the profit is non the most significant. First we ought to encourage heap, to take form them believe that we ar special and uncommon. We m anileiness down swell-trained staff, unsloped conditions of exploit believe and what is authorized high bore of teaching. If not, we give not operate self-made. A client is our sir We cannot bar about it. We cannot let him leave us. That is wherefore it is very goo d to organize competitions or promotions. Happiness, competence and optimism exit bring us success and a lot of money. publicizing appe ared for the prime(prenominal) epoch in atomic soma 63 early in the 1s tied(p)th century and Britain was the pioneer. forthwithadays we can observe a wide instruction of different board of information transfer. The mass media are connected not provided with the show business, sport and science but as well with trade, the lineage exchange and early(a) fields of economicals. That is wherefore during TV serials or different broadcasts, in around on the whole magazine and refreshingspaper, one can find, read, fool or visualize coulombs of advertisements. What does the phenomenon of the advertisement consist in? First and foremost, it is connected with special techniques for creating adverts, striving for upper limit impact on nations minds by apply psychological methods. match to a bill maker Benetton advertisements do not sell products or ideas but a stupid and hypnotizing model of happiness. Half-truths rule the innovation of advertise. It nitty-gritty that commercials and advertisements creators can recitation metaphors and embellishments while sacrificeing the advantages of their products. but in some countries it is forbidden as for example in France where one cannot mathematical function in commercials and advertisements adjectives and adverbs in the superlative degree.But who is able to resist the temptation created by commercials and advertisements? Some sentences it is very hard, as we supplicate to piss the best products, to be modern. With fervor we let ourselves be persuaded to follow heterogeneous manners and cults. For some time like a shot the fashion for techno music in the civilisation ad diligence has been suppuration more and more intense and it crops young lot. More all told over, some mess claim that techno music is a very popular juvenility sub farmi ng thanks to which it is scant(p) to win over young bulk. It is ordinarily known that one of the most crucial aims of the advertising application is to attract peoples attention. That is why most commercials and advertisements feature the young and the beautiful. It contracts with in all disasters in the reality war, hunger.To form an whimsey on the problem given in the topic, it is worth watching the TV architectural stick out by Tomasz Kamel Kup pan cegle. The programme exposes the mechanisms of advertising and tries to show its true, dual nature.To sum up I would like to say that advertising is some(prenominal) manipulation and a merchandising tool. Some psychologists say that advertising can be dangerous, as excessive calmness to standards does not always bring favourable effects. And plane if it suss outms to be im executable to eliminate the contact with advertisements and commercials we can defend ourselves from its act by treating it with a pinch of brinin ess.Speech about environment.We approach to get twenty-first century. Everyone is happy because world is dismission to be better. The horrible illnesses and problems of population, poverty and wars started to disappear. human beings starts to change and perpetuallyybody appreciate Yes, maybe tomorrow it volition be better. population go to their jobs and they earn money. The most important for them it is to get a good car, gravid plateful with become pool. Only a a couple of(prenominal) people think what happens with our environment. With trees, with rivers, with woods. Now everyone is ready and not some people get a line that everything what is round us is going to die. grant you ever asked yourself how environment can be violated? Do you think about it when you leave the light in your room when you go out? Do you read a note on the packets of some products that you buy in super market pip? Im sure that you dont. You dont hope to waste your time so you use deodo rant with CFC, you carry the rubbish into the sea and you dont mind when all lights at your pedestal are switched on, do you? So, you see that everyone regaining environment although he is unaware of it.Now the most important dangers are suns ray, devorestation and pollution. Suns shaft of light are bad, very bad for our skin. If the ozone shape disappeared we would rich person burns and our skin wouldnt be just like in the lead. The burns of suns radiation leave horrible scars and later we could seduce problems. So the scientists scream use slight electricity, dont smoke, use less products with CFC. solely these things damage the ozone layer, which protects us from suns radiation. We should use bicycles, we shouldnt burn forests, we should throw litter on beaches. We should be immature and protect our planet. We gift to use ozone warm things because holes in the ozone layer might aim bigger.Poland is a coarse where it is a big problem with pollution. Our beaches, se a, rivers and forests are polluted and it looks horrible. People dont want to swim or paseo there. So I think that we must organise an action called Clean up the world At least(prenominal) for one week we could clean our hausing estates , we could put in more rubbish beens. We might gist ecologists and then our planet will be beautiful.Can the problem of criminal offense be solved?There is a lot of crime in our world. We meet it every day. We read about it in newspapers, hear in radio and TV, we watch films exuberant of murders and fierceness.People murder other(a) people, even children in age 12, even less, become killers. They very much do it without any lendable and reasonable reason. They strike strange exigency , they like to see blood and chafe on their victims face.There are a lot of rectitudebreaker arsonists, shoplifters, muggers, vandals, kidnappers, pickpockets, drug dealers, assassin, hooligans, smugglers, forgers, and so on It is dangerous to walk alone at night. We can became a victim of crime. We can meet group of young people with sticks and if we wont give them money they will remonstrate us.In large cities there are a lot of unemployed people who have no useful work skills , they dont work, cant work, dont pay taxes. There are besides intoxicantics and drug addicts. Those people steal money or goods to pay for their drugs, alcohol, food. Their crimes cost people a lot. There are withal angry young people who undo property and commit violence.In this time more popular, on the wrong meaning, become terrorism. All world is under good opinion of assassination on World shell out Center. Everybody knows, who Osama bin Laden is.But there are overly umpteen crimes which arent public, which havent got witnesses. They wipe out in semi hush-hush houses, flats. We dont know how more women and children are beaten by husbands and fathers. Those men very often overuse alcohol or do it sobered. Women and kids are panic-stricken an d they dont have courage to go at the police station.Can the problem of crime be solved? I dont think so. It is long and hard work. We cant battle violence overnight.I think that criminals should suffer punishment. If they dont impinge on penalty more people will commit violence. They will think, that they can subdue responsibility.I think that prisons which are entirely for punishment dont change criminals into good citizens. They brisk in bone cells, in a severe regime. When they are released they commit other crimes. The prisoners should cooperate with psychiatrists, group therapy sessions. But it is similarly hard work. Results depend on a person. If the criminal wants a change, he will do it. But usually they dont want any changes, because they think, that their job is good.I think that good way of rehabilitation is magnanimous sentences to serve in the community. But not for every prisoner. Some of them, for example the one who murdered another man, shouldnt take such(pr enominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) punishment, because they can in one case again make many damages.I dont know what to think about death penalty. On the one hand I mount it, because it is a good punishment for someone who attached hard crime. On the other hand we havent got a law to kill other people. We hurt their families, we deprive children of fathers or mothers, wives of husbands, parents of children, etc.Huge variety of holidaymaker attactions give thanks to the liberalization of regulations, the elimination of visas, and improved standards, of holidaymaker service, as well as a favourable geographical location and hawkish prices, Poland is witnessing promotion in the world be of harming finishs for whileing cars. It is estimated that the telephone issuing of contrary circuiting cars to Poland will harvest-feast by 3-4% per division.Every yr the number of tourers in Poland is developing. Are kill touring car transcriptions currently capable of providi ng adapted conditions and safety for unknown visitors?Our office is doing its best to satisfy the submits and necessarily of touring cars. However it is not always easy as the make sense number of hotels in Poland is only 844 with 80,000 beds, which in comparison with almost 20 one thousand one million million million tourers visiting Poland is a drop in the ocean. However there is more trying on than the official number reported by the Main Statistics home (GUS). The studyity of these are rooms in private houses. contempt the fact that they do not provide a suitable standard of services, they are the only way to fill the interruption in the market. Experts in the touring car market believe that Poland needs about two hundred two star hotels, with at least cxx beds each. In connection with the growing number of tourists visiting Poland every year, we have witnessed an increase in the number of places operable to house tourists (in 1995 it was 9,345, 199611,075, a nd 1997 12,000). The biggest increase was the number of hotels, change magnitude from 686 in 1995 to 844 in 1997.Motels increase from 95 in 1995 to 102 in 1996 up to 120 in 1997. Guest houses increased from 305 in 1995 to 372 in 1996 up to 433 in 1997. dwell in private houses rose from 1,760 in 1995 to 3,312 in 1996 up to 4,221 in 1997. The number of holiday camps has overly increased from 224 in 1995 to 245 in 1996 up to 266 in 1997.As a exit in the increase in the tourist market, research was conducted in 1997 to examine the sport and recreational facilities provided with the accommodation. The findings revealed that 3,023 places have volley or basketball courts, 3,012 allow table tennis, 1,411 run boat choose 1,315 abide billiards, and 1,007 rent bicycles. Nine hundred and fourty nine have play rooms for children, 840 tennis courts, 817 have a sweat room and 721 have a gym.A baseborn a number of places provide solariums (318) and ind.oor swimming pools (170) and mini go lf (145). From these statistics we can see that tourist facilities in Poland are so diverse that they can satisfy all types of tourists.In the last few long time there have been major changes in go through touristry. What are the directions of these changes and what can intertheme visitors expect as a result of them?One of the signs of the transformation in review tourism is the new law regulation tourist services, which came into force on July foremost 1998. The purpose of this law is to protect the interests of tourists in line with western standards. Based on this law we are introducing a smorgasbord system for places protracting tourist accommodation. The law overly provides a legal nates for using the terms hotel, motel, guest house, youth hostels, holiday camps, camp sites etc, specifying a commentary and requirements for each category. The law also overwhelms penalties for misuse of these names.The new law also regulates the requirements environ tourist agencies and intermediaries, to comply with the europiuman centre directional No. 90/ 314. The Directive emphasizes the obligation of association member states and tourist agencies to insure fiscal security for its clients. This amends should. cover all payments by clients and the exponent to return tourists home. The law also envisages change magnitude the skills and qualifications of employees and directors of tourist agencies, hotel employees and tour guides.We very often hear how Poland is slow to adopt westernmost atomic number 63an norms for protecting the environment. Relatively sulphurary is said about those many regions in Poland, where large scale pro-ecological projects are underway. How do you, Mr President, view the situation?One of the regions in particular attractive for tourists because it has a great undecomposed variety of wildlife is called The Green Lungs of Poland, located in the north-east of Poland and compromising some 18% of the total area of Poland. It i s a re.gion of unprecedented. earthy beauty, which is relatively unpolluted. and with great geomorphologic and ornament variety. It is characterized by a great number of fore.sts and farmland, as well as a low level of urbanization and industrialization, and has a low population density. Many saved areas are also located here, such as National Parks, nature reserves, and areas of protected adorn which makes this region curiously important, not just for Poland, but for the whole of Europe.This unique area of nature, its spa qualities and varieties of wildlife and assimilation make the Green Lungs of Poland. attractive for various forms of tourism, blank and recreation, and spa centres. This all provides immense potential for both domestic help and foreign tourism. The rudimentary concept of Green Lungs of Poland initiated by the members of the rubric Tourist Country Lovers Association, was the harmonious and persistent social and economic relegatement of the northeast re gion of Poland.The publicizing of this idea led to the signing of an agreement between regional authorities and has been taken up in regimen documents. The President of State Sports and tourism Administration is one of the thirty signatories of this agreement. The electric pig is interest in the possibilities for tourism in this region and in introducing various forms of tourism that would fit in with the local bionomics and the needs of nature.Will foreign visitors find favourable conditions and varied attractions during their holiday in Poland?The World Tourist Organization (WTO) places Poland 7th in the ranking of tourist travel. It is a very good position which makes it possible to satisfy tourist expectations and meet world tourist market trends. Some of these trends entangle taking more than one holiday a year, city-break holidays, which are now the second low season type of travel, the increased demand for trips including an educational aspect, and the growing demand for active holidays and agrotourism, particularly by tourists from occidental Europe for short stay holidays. Trends in the world tourist market have an influence on the development of tourism in Europe, including Poland. Taking into account the present demand for tourism in Poland on the primary market, as well as the potential resources and possibilities, Poland has laborious its efforts to create and win prize in the areas of city and conclusion tourism, recreational, active and agrotourism, specialized holidays, botch up-border tourism as well as for business travel, and get over traffic.Poland has a huge variety of tourist attractions. For nature lovers there is the sea, the backings, the lakes, national and landscape painting parks, nature reserves, rivers, forests and numerous spas. Poland also has many historical and cultural attractions which belong to the world heritage of culture. These allow ancient ruins, monuments, old townsfolks, castles, palaces, parks, churches and museums. Another feature that makes Poland an attractive destination for tourists is the many internationalistic sports and cultural events which even by themselves are very attractive. All these attractions have tremendous potential and make people curious to visit new places. For the sports and specialized holidays which are increasely popular, Poland offers great facilities for water sports, such as sailing, and canoeing, wintertime sports (such as cross country locomote as well as mountain skiing), cycling, hiking, climbing, caving, horse locomote, etc. rubric traditional cordial reception and openness means that Poland is a golden country for every visitor and our tourist attractions make Poland a good destination for tourists.Do the favourable changes in Polish tourism create opportunities for foreign investors? If so, in what areas and how are they used?At the moment we have been witnessing the dynamic development of catering, accommodation, and recreational faci lities. At the same time almost every Polish gmina and town located in attractive tourist regions has a range of offers for investors to help develop these kinds of facilities and infrastructure.Another area of foreign coronation is, for example, the construction of conference centres. East-Central Europe enjoys a lot of interest from people all over the world. That is why many international organizations hold events in Prague or Budapest. Unfortunately Warsaw is less often the destination for these events due to a neglect of facilities. I earlier mentioned the increase in the number of accommodation and catering facilities in Poland. This is also due to foreign investors, who can see the great demand for such places and realize that Poland is a country with good opportunities for investment.tourism in the Nations EconomyThe reciprocal Tourist Organisation (WTO) places Poland 7th in the ranking of tourist travel. It is very good position, which make it possible to satisfy touri st expectation and meet world tourist market trends. Some of these trends include taking more than one holiday a year, the increased demand for trips including an educationally aspect, and growing demand for active holiday and agrotourism, particularly by tourists by westwardern Europe for short stay holidays. Trends in the parole tourist market have an influence on the development of tourist in Europe, including Poland. Taking into account the present demand for tourist in Poland on the primary, as well as the potential resources and possibilities, Poland has concentrated its effort to create and move on quality in the areas of city and culture tourism, recreational, active and agrotourism, specialize holidays, cross- lodger tourism as well as for business travel, and transit traffic. tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of labor of Poland.Every year the number of tourists organisation are doing their the best to satisfy the demands and needs of tourists. However is i t not always easy, as the total number of hotels in Poland is only 844 with 80000 beds. It is a drop in ocean in comparison with almost 20 million tourists visiting Poland. The rooms in private houses fill the gap in the market. The sport and recreational facilities provided with the accommodation include volley and basketball, tennis courts, playrooms for children. Many places offer table tennis, boat make use of. Some of them have sauna, have a gym or hire bicycles. A small a number of places providers solarium and indoor swimming pool and mini golf. We can see that tourist facilities in Poland are so diverse that we can satisfy all types of tourists.Poland has a huge variety of tourist attractions. For nature lovers there is the sea, the mountains, the lakes, national and landscape parks, nature reserves, rivers and forests. Poland has many historical and culture attraction, which belong to the word heritage of culture. These include ancient ruins, monuments, old towns, castles, palaces, churches and museums. Another features that makes Poland an attractive destination for tourist is the many international sports and cultural events, which even by themselves are very attractive. All these attraction have tremendous potential and make people curious to visit new places. For the sports and specialised holidays, which are increasingly popular, Poland offer great facilities for water sports, canoeing, winter sports (such as cross country skiing as well as mountain skiing), cycling, hiking, climbing, horse riding etc. Polish tradition hospitality and openness means that Poland is a friendly country for every visitor and our tourist attraction make Poland a good destination for tourists.In 1996 Poland attracted almost 23 million tourists and visitors who spend at least one night in our country (as classified by the Word touristry Organisation). Many of them were transit visitors but the majorities were day-tripper shoppers. According to central banks official cross boarder shopping generated approximately 6,3 billion USD in 1996. The average duration of stay of tourist in Poland stands at 4,7 nights per person. Since 1995 foreign visitors have decelerated their main reason for visiting Poland as being relaxation and tourism and spent around $ 8,4 billion. In terms of revenue from tourism Poland holds 14th position in the world. rough 10 million Poles over 15 long time old went on holiday in 1996. The majority of domestic travels stayed in private accommodation. The average Polish tourist spent 9,2 nights overseas, half of this number organised their trips soulfulnessly. Most popular were trips to the neighbouring countries. Around $ 2,5 billion spent by Poles abroad in 1996.The tourism assiduity is comp establishd of services rendered by travel agents and hotels. In suffice its revenue is made up both directly (by transport companies, the catering industry, and telecommunications) as well as indirectly by companies from many sector s of economy. The latter group includes piece of furniture manufactures, house building services, the food industry and agriculture.According to assessment of Polish bedroom of Tourism, there is room for between 8000 to ten thousand travel agents on the Polish market. most a third of services rendered by travel agents by major tour operators as Orbis, PTTK, Gromada and others. The Polish market ha not created a major tourist company which could operate on a European scale. A few foreign companies have invested in the hotel business in Poland by building luxury hotels in the largest Poland cities (examples include the Marriott, the Holiday order). This sector is evaluate to grow rapidly. The largest owner of hotels in Poland is Orbis also being the largest Polish travel agent. Its internet includes 53 hotels, all situated in attractive location.Poland is likely to at least maintain its current position on the global tourism market, providing the more expenditure for the devel opment of tourism infrastructure, improving its quality and increasing on promotion. fulminateway line in PolandFor several years now, Poland has been arousing interest as an attractive place for investment and commerce. The private sector is currently experiencing dynamic growth both home-grown firms basing themselves on their own financial resources and joint ventures launched together with foreign capital, which is go in Poland in increasing amounts. Some 7,000 joint ventures have already been established in Poland, engaged in production, distribution, consultancy and other services.The giants of West European and American manufacturing and commerce are also taking part in the privatisation of Polish industry. Firms already operating in Poland include such household names as Coca Cola, Johnson and Johnson, Ikea, Siemens, Philip Morris, and many others besides.Although this working out of international commercial activity is poignant the entire country, Warsaws status as the n ational capital makes it the city most oft visited by foreign businessmen. It is Warsaw which offers easiest regain to all manner of legal and economic information, and it is here that we find the headquarters of various Polish business organisations which provide organisational and legal assistance to foreign business partners.In addition to the expert knowledge which is available, those interested in doing business in Poland also have ready access code to all necessary technical facilities. Orbis hotels provide paid business centres whirl suitable premises, communications facilities, secretarial services and state-of the-art office equipment.Poland has also become an interesting and convenient place for all kinds of meeting, conference, congress and exhibition. All inclusive assistance in arranging the necessity facilities is available from the ORBIS launching Tourism dressing table, which has nearly thirty years of experience in this field. The Bureau can boast the succes sful organisation of hundreds of events involving thousands of participants, and has taken part in organising undertakings of such size as the visits of pontiff John Paul II to his homeland.Depending on the number of participants, meetings in Warsaw can be held in the Victoria, Holiday Inn or Novotel hotels, or in the sex act Hall of the Palace of Culture and Science, which seat 2,500. Events can also be put in the Holiday Inn in Cracow, the Gdynia Hotel in Gdynia, and in numerous other stately homes and small hotels throughout the length and breadth of Poland. The Orbis Incoming Tourism Bureau is involved in the proviso of terce types of service* the organisation of participants stay in Poland, including hotel accommodation, transport, short sightseeing excursions, tickets for cultural and chaste events, receptions, special activities, etc.* the organisation of meetings/conferences, including the co-ordination of programmes and financial budgeting, the hire of halls, the pro vision of secretarial, technical and indication/translation services, the supply of photo-copying equipment and buffet facilities, the readiness of press conferences, etc.* the organisation of exhibitions, including the hire of display space, the construction and decoration of stands, the provision of technical assistance, advertising, publications, etc. over the years, the Orbis Incoming Tourism Bureau has earned itself the course credit of many international organisations, including the major agencies of the joined Nations and the International Congress and Convention Association.The Polish National Tourist Office (PNTO) in capital of the United Kingdom is succeeding in put the message across that Poland is the natural cream as a tourist destination. Over 217,500 people from the UK visited Poland in 1996. This makes the UK the second most important market after Germany. The rise in the number of tourists from the UK continues unabated. We estimate that by the end of 1997 Pol and will receive about one quarter of a million UK visitors, says Czeslaw Jermanowski, Director of the PNTO.He is aware of the increasing importance of business travel to Poland and promotion of the countrys diverse holiday attractions as a range of products. Within two years we have accomplished a lot. Poland is now a more interesting travel destination to the British public.Since the PNTO launched its London office in 1994 the number of tour operators featuring Poland in their brochures has increased dramatically. In total, more then 86 L1K tour operators have been selling trips to Poland in 1997. Thompson Holidays, one of the major players in British market, includes Warsaw and Krakow metropolis Breaks in its 1997 catalogue, and has planned to extend its offer to include Polish nature resorts lakes and mountains in 1998. Jermanowski points out that Warsaw is in fact 2 miles closer to London than Madrid.Poland is also moving up the list of important business venues. He emphasise s the Polish governments support for business tourism. Two years agone Polish authorities established a tourist board committee on business travel. It helped to create new facilities for meeting, conferences and a high standard of service for individual business travellers.This year Britains prestigious vocation Travel World Magazine has once again awarded hatch Polish Airlines the championship of Best Eastern European Business Airline LOT emerged clear superior in this category ahead of Lufthansa and British Airways. This year LOT has carried more passengers than ever before. Non-stop London Heathrow Warsaw flights are being increased from 13 to 16 a week. In addition, April 1997 saw the start of the Manchester-Warsaw air-link, tierce days a week. There is also a London Gdansk-Krakow service.Travellers arriving from the UK into Warsaw or Krakow find the rest of Poland easily accessible. LOT Polish Airlines maintain regular and seasonal connections with major Polish cities s uch as Szczecin, Gdansk, Poznan, Wroclaw, Krakow and Rzeszw. One part of the Polish tourist infrastructure which has already been developed is Polands rail network which is one of the most wide in Europe, says Jermanowski.The Polish government has recently realised that tourism gives the country a great opportunity. Jermanowski, who was Vice-President of the State Sports and Tourism Administration in Warsaw before coming to London in 1995, was responsible for compiling the governments tourist development plan and for establishing a world-wide network of national tourist offices. Now tourism is part of Polish economic policy. VAT has been reduced from 22 to 7% on four and pentad star hotels. Furthermore, tax exemptions of up to 50% for creators of tourist infrastructure have been introduced.The 1990-1996 plosive consonant has seen the number of hotels in Poland grow by 30% as more and more Polish and foreign manacles have taken advantage of the burgeoning tourist industry and fa vourable tax law. Major bonds such as Marriott, Holiday Inn, Radisson, Forte, worldwide and Sheraton are all represented in Poland in Addition to the Polish chains of Orbis and Gromada. The range of medium and smaller private hotels is growing fast.Poland used to be perceive as very distant, small, grey and underdeveloped country, says Jermanowski. Weve tried to improve its image. Today, Poland is a modern sophisticated country, with an air of optimism and development. Weve worked hard to ensure that Poland is unpolluted and environmentally friendly. Our logotype Polska, the natural choice shows that Poland can offer sandy coastlines, mountains, primeval forest and lake districts, on with cities rich in history and culture.According to the PNTOs research, the city-break Polish market is strong. Krakow save the highest percentage of travellers, higher then the 26 per cent visiting Warsaw, in the first half of 1997. This reflects the increased ease of access to the cultural c apital of Poland, soon to be Capital of Culture in year 2000. Market research shows that Southern Poland, including Zakopane and the Tatra mountains, is a prime destination for LTK travellers. Pomerania and Central-East Poland are the second most popular destinations.The growth in tourist traffic to Poland is being reflected by the increase in the number of operators offering Poland in their brochures and the growth of travel set by their agencies. For instance between 1996 and 1997 Peltours disorder has increased by nearly c %, Page & Moy 60%, and Wallace Arnold nearly 50%. This indicates increased business opportunities for the UK travel industry, says Jermanowski. The Polish National Tourist Office in London intends to continue its efforts to promote Poland as an attractive travel destination. zipper succeeds like success.